“The effects of drug abuse” An article with real life interviews

Today’s street drugs like marijuana, ecstasy, and crystal meth have taken a backseat to one drug that has taken the nation by surprise for its shocking number of overdoses and deaths, and that drug is Fentanyl. Following Fentanyl are heroin, prescription drugs, and, believe it or not, alcohol. Although each of these drugs differs in short- and long-term effects on individuals with substance use disorder, they all have one thing in common, and that is that they do not discriminate against race, age, sex, or background. People from all walks of life, all around the world, with different upbringings, different ethnicities, old and young, rich and poor, can suffer from SUD. We will read some personal stories of current users I’ve interviewed, especially for this article; we’ll learn the different effects of long and short-term users’ risk with meth, fentanyl, alcohol, and prescription drugs. We will cover the connection between substance use disorder and serious mental illness, and finally, we will go over some preventative measures we can take to protect our loved ones and especially our youth.

Regardless of what addiction a person is fighting, whether it is alcohol, methamphetamines, or opioids, we can all agree that they will suffer physical, mental, financial, and emotional side effects. Some of these effects will take months, even years to show, some will show within hours, and others won’t have an impact until later down the road, sometimes even after a person has been sober for years. However, something interesting I noticed within most, if not all, serious addictions is that they all lead down the same road. Addiction often leads to jail, loss of loved ones and financial stability, rehab, homelessness, and even early death. The drugs I chose to cover are Crystal meth, specifically for the mental and emotional effects it has on most users. However, I will cover the short- and long-term effects meth has on the body as well. Fentanyl has taken the spotlight on news and television for the recent number of overdoses and deaths for new users and regular opioid users. I chose alcohol because of the way it’s glamorized in society, yet it has the same devastating effects as these other drugs and, finally, prescription drugs. An addiction to prescription drugs is one that anyone risks if they have ever been prescribed a medication by a medical professional.

Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid that is said to be 50 times stronger than heroin and 100 times stronger than morphine. Fentanyl is often used as a substitute for heroin addicts because the amount of Fentanyl needed compared to the amount of heroin needed to get high is much less. Fentanyl is used in the medical field to control severe pain in cancer patients. If an individual is lucky enough to survive after ingesting fentanyl, it can become highly addictive. Fentanyl is among the leading drugs to cause overdose and death. “The Center for Disease Control (CDC) reports that 67% of all drug overdoses between January 2021 and January 2022 involved fentanyl. It’s no wonder that fentanyl is such a prominent contributor to overdoses; ingesting only 2 milligrams of this substance can cause death”. (Sharp) One thing that makes Fentanyl so dangerous Is that you can’t see, smell, or taste it in any other drugs that are made to mimic other illicitly manufactured drugs. Fentanyl is often mixed with methamphetamine, heroin, and cocaine to make pills, and when you purchase street drugs, there is no guarantee of what exactly you are getting. According to cdc.gov, over 150 people die every single day from opioid overdoses.

         So, what does an overdose of Fentanyl look like? Well, some of the main effects of overdoes are unconsciousness, slow, weak, or no breathing, purple or blue lips, cold or clammy skin, small pupils, and a limp body. If you think or know anyone who could be having an overdose of fentanyl, CALL 911 immediately. Do not worry about getting in trouble because there are laws in place (Save a life). Also, equip yourself with Narcan’s if you or someone you know uses opioids. This nasal spray reverses the effects of opioids, but you still need to go to a hospital within thirty minutes.

Interview – Ex-heroin addict and current Fentanyl user

What Can you tell me about Fentanyl? “It’s made me a different person than I am, and I know that, and I don’t care, and that’s crazy. I think that’s why my family is disgusted. It’s the best feeling I have ever felt in my life, it numbs me, but at the end of the day, ultimately, it doesn’t, you know?”

She’s been away from home for over seven years.

I have never met my youngest son, and he’s seven years old. I had him in prison, and I only had him for 72 hours before they took him away from me. I should’ve never come to California.

She says her family is aware she does drugs, yet they do not care, they just want her to return home. I asked her what’s stopping her from returning home.

I don’t want to go alone, I’m scared.

When asked why she doesn’t try to get clean? She answered, “I have never had to fight anything like this before, heroine is something else”. Heroine was her first drug of choice until she learned about Fentanyl, which is cheaper and requires much less product to get an effective high.

Have you ever overdosed on either Fentanyl or Heroine before? No, but I have had many people overdose on Fetty while smoking with me, and without a Narcan available I always call 911 and give them CPR until the paramedics get there. That’s how you die, you get so relaxed that you forget to breathe. One time I was smoking with this younger guy and before he blew the smoke out, he collapsed on the floor. I thought he was joking, we were at a park, and I didn’t have a phone, and no one around me would help or let me use a phone until a man came and asked if everything was okay.

Do you want to change your life? If so, what do you think is preventing you from taking the necessary steps? Yes, I want to for my kids.

How many kids do you have? Six, they’re with my family in Montana.

Do you miss them? So much, I think that’s what I’m missing from my life, and I’m so scared to see them, I have nothing to offer them, but I talk to them on the phone. My addiction is too strong.

What was your life like before you started using? I had my own home and three cars. I was a great mom; I went to PTA meetings and coached my kid’s soccer team. I have a business degree, and I went to school for cosmetology. Coming to California was the biggest mistake I could have made.

What brought you to California? A guy and I have been in a 10-year physically abusive relationship leading to nowhere, but he’s all I have out here.

Do you use it together? Yes, every day.

You said physically abusive what’s the worst thing he has ever done to you? He cut all my hair off…

The last question hit a nerve, and for fear of upsetting her further, this is where the interview ended.

Pharmaceutical fentanyl is used by doctors to treat severe pain, usually in advanced cancer patients. It is a Schedule II controlled substance and according to clinicaltrials.gov Fentanyl is one of the most commonly used anesthetic adjuncts for ambulatory surgery because of its anesthetic-sparing effects and alleged ability to reduce coughing during instrumentation of the patient's airway. It works by blocking pain signals to the brain and is administered through a needle into the vein by a doctor. Other ways the drug can be prescribed is through transdermal patches or lozenges. Some effects are but are not limited to extreme happiness, drowsiness, nausea, confusion, constipation, sedation, tolerance, addiction, respiratory depression, arrest, unconsciousness, coma, and death.

                                                              Alcohol

Interview: current Alcoholic and meth user 15 years

I interviewed a gentleman at the age of 30 who explained to me how alcohol helped him cope with life on the streets. Alcohol gave him what he calls liquor courage and helped him create alter personalities that became a sort of survival tactic. He explained to me how alcohol made the things he had to do to survive easier and then easier to forget. However, he explained how after 15 years of heavy drinking every single day reality became distorted. He lost a sense of who he was without liquor and without each of these heartless personalities.

What age were you when you started drinking? 15

How many years have you been drinking heavily? 5

You stated before that you also use meth? Meth was my first drug ever, even before alcohol, but I don’t need it, it just keeps me balanced. I don’t smoke meth unless I have liquor. It makes me too paranoid.

What factors impacted you to start drinking more heavily? Depression, anxiety, suicidal thoughts, not finding a way out, and drinking made it easier to get by. I lose one of my senses, and it helps me live my life without remorse and makes me forget. It makes me powerful, if I didn’t have liquor, I don’t feel like I would be alive. Honestly speaking. Liquor gives me liquor courage and helps me to stick up for myself it makes me emotionless.

Do you think that drinking became a survival tactic while being homeless? Yes, it plays a big part I feel weak when I don’t have alcohol.

Do you feel like you have lost anything because of alcohol? I lost myself because of alcohol I created several personas, and eventually I started believing I was these characters I created when I drank.

Do you want to stop drinking? No

Why not? I feel like if I stop drinking, my life will be in jeopardy, in my head, I feel like…. I lost myself I don’t know who I am. These characters I created became real. When I was going to get in trouble, I’d chug a shot. I’m always angry, liquor makes me angry. After 15 years of drinking, I started experiencing physical. Now I experience bad withdrawal systems. Systems: nerve damage, digestion issues, constipation, heartburn, insomnia, loss of appetite, nausea, dehydration, disorientation, memory loss, withdrawal symptoms, at first it was just throwing up, and then I was throwing up blood I remember one incident where I felt like I was drowning it was like mucous with blood, loss of motor skills, Sweats, shaking, my body gets ice cold, but I would sweat to the point my skin would boil because I was fever like. I would steam. The most painful part of alcoholism is throwing up, I’ve gone two or three days without eating and only drinking.

Do you remember your first drink? Taka Vodka

Do you regret your first drink? No, because alcohol kept me alive.

If you were guaranteed that if you stopped drinking, your life quality would improve tremendously, would you stop drinking? Yes

Do you think you have a drinking problem? Yes, I do.

Do you think your addiction affects others? A lot because they don’t know what they are going to get. Everything I do is based on my alcohol level. Most of the time, I hurt the people I love the ones closest to me receive the most damage. I don’t do it intentionally, but my alcohol level goes up, and I am not in the right state of mind. Alcoholism is different than drugs; meth addicts don’t know what a withdrawal is. Just knowing my bottle is almost gone triggers something in my head. I do stupid shit all the time, I can have everything I need, and then if I get upset and if I am drunk, I throw everything into the trash.

What’s your favorite part of drinking? I don’t have a favorite part of drinking; I don't like drinking. It’s an addiction. If I could stop, I would. I know if I stop drinking, my quality of life will get better, and my mind will be clearer. The process is very painful. Actually…. I don’t want to stop drinking; it makes me feel good. It makes me; it gives me my persona.

What’s the worst part about drinking? Throwing up, not being able to take a shit, the dementia. When you drink, there’s a good or bad. I can go on a rampage or be sentimental, and I am in constant need of love and affection. If I am sentimental, it's bad because everything people say hurts, and it hurts bad, I feel it in my heart. I start feeling like people have pity for me, and I start feeling bad and feel like I’m not worth shit. My family sees me as a junkie. I look at my life and think about what I have done with my life, nothing. Then, the depression kicks in. Liquor also makes my heart go cold and makes me not care.

What’s the most painful side effect? Throwing up, constipation, and withdrawal

Alcohol is considered a depressant drug, and because it is accepted in society, many people do not realize how big of a problem alcoholics face or how serious the short- and long-term effects it has on an alcoholic’s health. Alcoholics usually also indulge in other drugs as well and not only face the health risks involved, but they also face bad decision-making like drunk driving and risky sexual behavior. “Drinking too much can harm your health. According to CDC.GOV ‘Excessive alcohol use led to more than 140,000 deaths and 3.6 million years of potential life lost each year in the United States from 2015 to 2019, shortening the lives of those who died by an average of 26 years. Further, excessive drinking was responsible for 1 in 5 deaths among adults aged 20-49 years. The economic costs of excessive alcohol consumption in 2010 were estimated at $249 billion, or $2.05 a drink”.

Alcoholism comes with a wide range of short- and long-term effects, especially for alcoholics who become codependent on alcohol, meaning their body needs the alcohol, or they will suffer withdrawal symptoms that can become dangerous or deadly depending on how severe their dependence is. It is not recommended for an alcoholic to stop drinking suddenly or by themselves. It is recommended they go to a detox center or have a loved one nearby if attempting to quit drinking in case of emergency. Some of the long-term effects for alcoholics are but not limited to:

·      Cirrhosis of the liver

·      Cancer of the mouth, throat, colon, and esophagus

·      Digestive issues, which include constipation and stomach ulcers

·      Obesity, malnutrition, high blood pressure,

·      Severe dehydration

·      Heart Damage and stroke

Some of the effects on the brain are as follows:

·      Nerve Damage

·      Anxiety and depression

·      Dementia, Short-term memory loss, and blacking out

·      Insomnia

·      Trouble with balance and trouble forming thoughts

·      Decreased attention span and trouble learning

·      Coma and Overdose

(For someone who has been drinking heavily for several years, there is a high risk of brain damage.)

When someone is dependent on alcohol, they will suffer from withdrawal and symptoms very similar to heroin withdrawal symptoms, which include:

·      Shaking, Sweating, and fever

·      Agitation and anxiety

·      Nausea and dizziness

·      Insomnia and nightmares

·      Pounding heart

·      Loss of appetite

·      Confusion and hallucinations

·      Long- and short-term effects

Prescription drugs

Some of the most popular prescription pain pills are among opioids like:

·      Codeine

·      Hydrocodone

·      Oxycodone

·      Percocet and

·      Vicodin

These are just some of the more well-known painkillers that can become addictive. As a matter of fact, according to an article written by health.harvard.edu, anyone prescribed an opioid for more than thirty days will become addicted and, if stopped suddenly, will suffer withdrawal symptoms. These painkillers are known as downers and have side effects like drowsiness and numbing effects. Individuals with former addictions to drugs, alcohol, or nicotine, as well as mental illnesses, are at a higher risk of becoming addicted to painkillers. Misuse of prescription pain relievers is, after marijuana use, the second most common form of illicit drug use in the United States (Lipari and Hughs). Another thing to keep in mind is that Opioids include the illicit drug Heroin and carry a great risk of developing Heroin addiction. Most Heroin addicts also often develop Opioid addictions. Most people with a prescription pain pill addiction acquire painkillers from family and friends, either for free or bought. Others go to different doctors in different cities but risk being caught, and both have serious consequences in California. The Following Symptoms were taken from: https://www.optionsbehavioralhealthsystem.com/addiction/prescription-drugs/effects-signs-symptoms/

Depression	Confusion	Excessive sweating	Constipation	Hypotension	Decreased respiration rate.	Impaired coordination	Impaired judgment	Increased risk-taking behaviors.
Weight loss	Appetite suppression	Decreased need for sleep	Irritability	Agitation	Cardiac arrhythmias	Impulsivity	Reckless behaviors	Restlessness

                                                               Crystal Meth

Crystal Meth, a form of Methamphetamine, is a stimulant and is commonly abused for its euphoric effects. Meth is highly addictive, and it attacks the central nervous system; some of the common effects are rapid heartbeat, heart failure, insomnia, delirium, paranoia, weight loss, dental problems known as meth mouth, and psychosis. According to WebMD, in an article titled How meth use affects the body, “there are around 1 million users as young as the age of 12 years old living with methamphetamine addictions”. Meth provides users with feelings of pleasure and energy by increasing the amount of dopamine in the brain; dopamine is the chemical that our brains produce, causing feelings of pleasure and joy. However, over long-term use, the brain stops producing its own dopamine, so when there is no meth in the system, meth users can be left feeling depressed or aggravated. Heart failure is another risk meth users face due to the strain put on the cardiovascular muscles, blood vessels, and the heart itself. However, despite the many physical health risks methamphetamine users’ risk, the effects meth seems to have on a user’s mental state seem even higher. According to justice.gov, “Individuals who abuse methamphetamine also may have episodes of violent behavior, paranoia, anxiety, confusion, and insomnia. Methamphetamine also can produce psychotic symptoms that persist for months or years after an individual has stopped using the drug.”

I interviewed a young woman shy of 1 year clean and in the process of changing her life, circle of friends, habits, and environment. She sat on a bench in the middle of a run-down park, surrounded by triggers and reminders of everything she was trying to leave in her past. The unhoused addicts and suppliers huddled in groups spread between a gas station, the park, the sidewalk, and across the street, oblivious to our interview. Just one year ago, she was among these individuals living in several parked cars, the windows covered with blankets, the filthy sidewalk hosting littered trash and dirty needles where children played on the swings just feet away. She looked down while she began telling me that although this city was her home, and her parent were both recovered addicts, she grew up sheltered and had a good childhood. She claimed that she began drinking at 12 years old, but she didn’t start smoking marijuana until she was 21. She began experimenting with ecstasy and cocaine in her late 20s. Still, it was all occasional, and she managed to hide it from her parents until she met her boyfriend, a talented car thief, and a very handsome and charming homeless meth addict.

I had no idea what I was walking into; he would hold and light the pipe while I hit it. I was overweight all my life, and within 6 to 8 months, I had lost around 100lbs; I looked and felt great.

For her, that was the hook, the weight loss, the energy, and the endorphins her body produced when she smoked meth, giving her a false sense of happiness.

I felt so free.

Her new self-confidence and sense of liberty were short-lived because four months into her new relationship, her handsome and charming boyfriend began to make false accusations of seeing men hiding on the side of her fridge in her parents’ house and of her cutting his hair while he was sleeping. Some of the more serious accusations were those of her talking to police and of her cheating on him, which led to physical assaults.

He punched me in my head so many times and busted my head on the passenger window. I remember him screaming and kicking the dashboard with his feet while he was driving. It was like a movie scene, and I remember thinking about how I would escape safely.

The worst incident was described under a freeway where they lived at the time; he accused her of getting out of another man’s car as he dragged her out of the four-person tent they slept in, tossing her around like a doll. He was 6’1 and around 200lbs, while at the time, she was 160lbs and 5’7. He jumped on top of her over and over, his knees implanting into her ribs while she lay on her side, covering her head in the cradle position. He then pulled off her clothes and poured gasoline all over her. He waved a lighter in front of her while she pleaded for him not to kill her.

That was one of a couple of times I genuinely thought he was going to kill me because he wanted me to admit to something that I didn’t do.

When asked why she stayed with him, knowing the dangers she faced, she explained that episodes like this only occurred when he wasn’t sleeping and that he usually came back to his senses.

He treated me the best and the worst I have ever been treated; he was so sensitive and just a big teddy bear.

Three years into their relationship, he went to jail for justified homicide and served a three-and-a-half-year sentence.

I waited for him. I stuck by his side and took care of him, but I started dating someone else. And when he got out, I tried it, but I couldn’t leave my new boyfriend, which was the original plan. I learned how to live without him after all that time, and he was so hurt over it.

According to her, when he got out of prison, he was sober, he got a job, and got his license. He was checking into parole and doing his required classes.

He showed up to my place high one day, and I was so shocked; that's when his paranoia started little by little, and if I didn’t respond to his texts, he would say weird stuff like accusing me of snitching on him, or he would say he couldn’t trust me.

When I asked what happened next, she looked down and stayed quiet for a while.

I didn’t want to lose my new boyfriend; things weren’t the same anymore. He was so hurt, and all he wanted was to be with me, but I couldn’t deal with the paranoia and laying in the dark all day and night just listening to who was outside. I had homework and a life. The false accusations were already starting, and I refused to tolerate the physical abuse again. He was worse than before, and when he was high, I knew he was very dangerous for me and anyone around me. He didn’t trust anyone, and he felt like everyone abandoned him. His brother kicked him out after he stole his car to follow the people that he thought were following him, and then he left his job and was on the street. Imagine having nowhere to go, not trusting anyone, and believing that you’re being followed by hitmen all the time. This was all so real to him, and there was no convincing him that it wasn’t. One day, his brother called me and told me he was dead. Three months after he got out of prison, he went all the way to Oregon, jumped off a bridge, and killed himself.

Do you have any last comments?

When you see people suffering from substance abuse that seems “crazy," keep in mind they are probably suffering from other mental issues like schizophrenia, PTSD, or paranoia, and the drugs exaggerate their illness. They believe the things they’re seeing and hearing; it isn’t them”. “It wasn’t him; he was a survivor, a fighter; his spirit was beautiful, and he was so giving and caring. He wanted to succeed, but the drugs and his mental illness were stronger than him, I guess. For him, living became scarier than dying, and he told me just days before he took his life that he was so tired of running. People who use drugs are trying to fill a void or escape their reality. Reach out, be sensitive, and try to help if you can, but in the end, understand that you can’t change anyone unless they want to change for themselves. Don’t lose yourself trying to change people just focus on changing yourself.

Substance Use Disorder and Mental Illnesses

The most interesting effects and similar effects of long-term drug use among a variety of drugs are the mental and emotional effects they have on individuals. Although both substance use disorder and mental illness can be influenced by things like genetics and the surrounding environment, there isn’t enough research to say that either one can cause the other. However, “evidence suggests that periods of cocaine use may worsen the symptoms of bipolar disorder and contribute to the progression of this illness." (NIDA) The National Institute on Drug Abuse also states, “Frequent marijuana use during adolescence is associated with increased risk of psychosis in adulthood, specifically among individuals who carry a particular gene variant." I suggest looking at the research report on nida.nih.gov titled Why is there Comorbidity between substance use disorder and mental illness for more information.

Preventable measures – Have you ever heard the saying “Children do as they see, not as they’re told”? Some would argue that preventative measures are nearly impossible to execute today. However, there are some, and they are as follows:

· Educating youth early on at home and in school about the dangers and risks involved with drug use is one of the number one ways to prevent children from future substance abuse.

·      Parents should also be mindful of their own actions and words in front of children. When I was young, I remember my parents sending the children out of the room if there was going to be a dirty joke shared or so that we couldn’t hear an adult conversation. Save the drinks for after the kids are put to sleep. These actions matter because whether we realize it or not, children are always watching and listening.

·      Make it a priority to stay active in your child’s life, learn who your children’s friends are, what they watch on Television, where they hang out after school, what they do on the internet, and what kind of things the music they listen to is influencing.

·      Positive and healthy hobbies like sports and afterschool clubs are a great distraction from the peer pressures of society. Forms of self-expression such as arts, crafts, singing, and dance are healthy outlets and great ways to keep children busy with healthy activities, giving them less time to sur come to peer pressure and get in trouble.

·      Teach your children that it is okay to say NO to their friends and that it doesn’t make them less cool to say no to drugs. Teach them to make their own decisions and not follow the crowd. Form a healthy and open relationship with your child because the more comfortable they feel to turn to you when they need advice, the more likely you’ll be able to keep them from making life-threatening decisions.

·      Catching SMI (serious mental illness) like ADHD early on in adolescence can prevent future SUD (substance abuse disorders).

·      Finally, Pvamu.edu suggests living a healthy, balanced lifestyle can also be a way to avoid turning to drugs or alcohol when times get tough. The site suggests learning stress management skills and making dreams and goals for yourself to work towards so that you stay focused, knowing that drugs and alcohol will deter you from your goals.

Conclusion

Drug abuse of any kind has serious long and short-term effects on an individual’s physical, mental, and emotional health. Drugs affect the social and financial aspects of the abuser’s life. Drugs ruin families, relationships, and communities and not only affect the abuser but they also affect loved ones surrounding the user. Not all hope is lost; however, there are preventative measures if they are taken seriously and early on by parents, guardians, educators, and society. Keeping your children educated and aware of the risk factors that come with drug abuse can aid in preventing substance abuse. Catching serious mental illness early and being active in a child’s life are also preventive measures. Drugs and addiction come in various forms and are not limited to the common hard drugs we are aware of, but we can agree on a couple of factors. Drugs often lead down a common path and have similar effects on the abuser, not only the user but their loved ones as well. Drugs lead to a life of loss, crime, jail, depression, and, at worst, death. With drugs, there is never a happily ever after unless a user can overpower their addiction and learn to live a life of sobriety.

WORKS CITED:

Bruce, Debra Fulghum. “Prescription Drug Abuse: Addiction, Types, and TreatmentDebr.” WebMD, WebMD, https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/addiction/abuse-of-prescription-drugs

“Drinking Too Much Alcohol Can Harm Your Health. Learn the Facts.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 14 Apr. 2022, https://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/fact-sheets/alcohol-use.htm

Kashyap, naha. “How Meth Use Affects the Body.” WebMD, WebMD, https://www.webmd.com/connect-to-care/addiction-treatment-recovery/methamphetamine/how-meth-use-affects-the-body

Lipari, Rachel N, and Arthur Hughs. “HOW PEOPLE OBTAIN THE PRESCRIPTION PAIN RELIEVERS THEY MISUSE.” How People Obtain the Prescription Pain Relievers They Misuse, https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/report_2686/ShortReport-2686.html

NIDA. "Why is there comorbidity between substance use disorders and mental illnesses? ." National Institute on Drug Abuse, 13 Apr. 2021, http://nida.nih.gov/publications/research-reports/common-comorbidities-substance-use-disorders/why-there-comorbidity-between-substance-use-disorders-mental-illnesses  Accessed 18 Apr. 2023

Sharp, Amelia. “Fentanyl Side Effects: Mental & Physical Effects of Fentanyl Use.” American Addiction Centers, 12 Sept. 2022, https://americanaddictioncenters.org/fentanyl-treatment/side-effects

“Tips for Preventing Substance Abuse.” Student Affairs, 7 July 2021, https://www.pvamu.edu/sa/drug-and-alcohol-abuse-prevention-program-daapp/tips-for-preventing-substance-abuse/

What Does It Look Like? What Is It Called? How Is Methamphetamine ... https://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs3/3981/3981p.pdf 

Wender, Ronald. “Effect of Fentanyl on Coughing and Recovery after Anesthesia with an LMA Laryngeal Mask Airway)for Airway Management - Full Text View.” Effect of Fentanyl on Coughing and Recovery After Anesthesia With an LMA Laryngeal Mask Airway)for Airway Management - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01368809